Knowledge of Techniques || Technology

Technology

Technology ("science of craft", from Greek τέχνη, techne, "art, skill, crafty of hand"; and -λογία, -logia is that the total of techniques, skills, methods, and processes employed in the assembly of products or services or within the accomplishment of objectives, like scientific investigation. Technology will be the information of techniques, processes, and also the like, or it will be embedded in machines to permit for operation while not careful information of their workings. Systems (e.g. machines) applying technology by taking associate input, dynamic  it in keeping with the system's use, so manufacturing associate outcome area unit cited as technology systems or technological systems.

The simplest type of technology is that the development and use of basic tools. The prehistoric discovery of a way to management fireplace and also the later Neolithic Revolution enlarged the obtainable sources of food, and also the invention of the wheel helped humans to travel in and management their surroundings. Developments in historic times, together with the press, the phonephone, and also the net, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to act freely on a worldwide scale.

Technology has several effects. it's helped develop a lot of advanced economies (including today's international economy) and has allowed the increase of a leisure category. several technological processes manufacture unwanted by-products referred to as pollution and expend natural resources to the harm of Earth's surroundings. Innovations have perpetually influenced the values of a society and raised new queries within the ethics of technology. Examples embrace the increase of the notion of potency in terms of human productivity, and also the challenges of moral philosophy.

Philosophical debates have arisen over the employment of technology, with disagreements over whether or not technology improves the human condition or worsens it. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and similar reactionary movements criticize the generality of technology, conflict that it harms the surroundings and alienates people; proponents of ideologies like transhumanism and techno-progressivism read continuing technological progress as useful to society and also the human condition.

Definition and usage

The use of the term "technology" has modified considerably over the last two hundred years. Before the twentieth century, the term was uncommon in English, and it had been used either to sit down with the outline or study of the helpful arts or to suggest to technical education, as within the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (chartered in 1861).

The term "technology" rose to prominence within the twentieth century in reference to the Second technological revolution. The term's meanings modified within the early twentieth century once yankee social scientists, starting with economic expert, translated concepts from the German thought of Technik into "technology." In German and alternative European languages, a distinction exists between technik and technologie that's absent in English, that sometimes interprets each terms as "technology." By the Nineteen Thirties, "technology" referred not solely to the study of the commercial arts however to the commercial arts themselves.

In 1937, the yankee social scientist browse Bain wrote that "technology includes all tools, machines, utensils, weapons, instruments, housing, clothing, act and transporting devices and also the skills by that we have a tendency to manufacture and use them."Bain's definition remains common among students these days, particularly social scientists. Scientists and engineers sometimes favor to outline technology as field of study, instead of because the things that individuals build and use. a lot of recently, students have borrowed from European philosophers of "technique" to increase the that means of technology to numerous varieties of instrumental reason, as in Foucault's work on technologies of the self (techniques American state soi).

Dictionaries and students have offered a range of definitions. The Merriam-Webster school dictionary offers a definition of the term: "the use of science in business, engineering, etc., to create helpful things or to unravel problems" and "a machine, piece of apparatus, method, etc., that's created by technology."Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 "Real World of Technology" lecture, gave another definition of the concept; it's "practice, the manner we have a tendency to do things around here." The term is commonly wont to imply a selected field of technology, or to sit down with technology or simply shopper physics, instead of technology as an entire.Bernard Stiegler, in Technics and Time, 1, defines technology in 2 ways: as "the pursuit of life by means that aside from life," and as "organized inorganic matter."

Technology are often most loosely outlined because the entities, each material and immaterial, created by the appliance of mental and physical effort so as to attain some price. during this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that will be wont to solve real-world issues. it's a sweeping term that will embrace easy tools, like a wrecking bar or wood spoon, or a lot of advanced machines, like an area station or scientific instrument. Tools and machines needn't be material; virtual technology, like laptop computer code and business ways, be this definition of technology.W. Brian Arthur defines technology during a equally broad manner as "a means that to meet somebody's purpose."

The word "technology" also can be wont to sit down with a group of techniques. during this context, it's this state of humanity's data of the way to mix resources to supply desired merchandise, to unravel issues, fulfill wants, or satisfy wants; it includes technical ways, skills, processes, techniques, tools and raw materials. once combined with another term, like "medical technology" or "space technology," it refers to the state of the several field's data and tools. "State-of-the-art technology" refers to the technology on the market to humanity in any field.

Technology are often viewed as associate activity that forms or changes culture.to boot, technology is that the application of arithmetic, science, and also the arts for the advantage of life because it is thought. a contemporary example is that the rise of communication technology, that has lessened barriers to human interaction and as a result has helped spawn new subcultures; the increase of culture has at its basis the event of the net and also the laptop. Not all technology enhances culture during a inventive way; technology also can facilitate facilitate political oppression and war via tools like guns. As a cultural activity, technology predates each science and engineering, every of that formalize some aspects of technological endeavor.

Science, engineering, and technology

The distinction between science, engineering, and technology isn't continually clear. Science is systematic data of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation.Technologies don't seem to be typically solely merchandise of science, as a result of they need to satisfy necessities like utility, usability, and safety.

Engineering is that the goal-oriented method of coming up with and creating tools and systems to use natural phenomena for sensible human suggests that, typically (but not always) mistreatment results and techniques from science. the event of technology might draw upon several fields of data, together with scientific, engineering, mathematical, linguistic, and historical data, to realize some sensible result.

Technology is usually a consequence of science and engineering, though technology as a personality's activity precedes the 2 fields. for instance, science would possibly study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors by mistreatment already-existing tools and data. This new-found data might then be employed by engineers to form new tools and machines like semiconductors, computers, and alternative kinds of advanced technology. during this sense, scientists and engineers might each be thought of technologists; the 3 fields square measure typically thought of joined for the needs of analysis and reference.

Science, engineering, and technology

The exact relations between science and technology, above all, are debated by scientists, historians, and policymakers within the late twentieth century, partially as a result of the talk will inform the funding of basic and study. within the immediate wake of war II, for instance, it absolutely was wide thought of within the u.  s. that technology was merely "applied science" which to fund basic science was to reap technological leads to due time. AN articulation of this philosophy can be found expressly in Vannevar Bush's writing on postwar science policy, Science – The Endless Frontier: "New merchandise, new industries, and a lot of jobs need continuous additions to data of the laws of nature ... This essential new data are often obtained solely through basic research project."within the late-1960s, however, this read came below direct attack, leading towards initiatives to fund science for specific tasks (initiatives resisted by the scientific community). the difficulty remains contentious, although most analysts resist the model that technology could be a results of research project.

History

Paleolithic (2.5 Ma – ten ka)

The use of tools by early humans was part a method of discovery and of evolution. Early humans evolved from a species of hunting hominids that were already two-footed,with a brain mass close to one third of contemporary humans. Tool use remained comparatively unchanged for many of early human history. close to fifty,000 years agone, the utilization of tools and sophisticated set of behaviors emerged, believed by several archaeologists to be connected to the emergence of totally fashionable language.

Stone tools

Hominids started exploitation primitive stone tools legion years agone. The earliest stone tools were very little over a broken rock, however close to seventy five,000 years agone,pressure flaking provided the way to form a lot of finer work.

Fire

The discovery and use of fireplace, a straightforward energy supply with several profound uses, was a turning purpose within the technological evolution of human beings. the precise date of its discovery isn't known; proof of burnt animal bones at the Cradle of human beings suggests that the domestication hearth|of fireside|of fireplace} occurred before one Ma;donnish agreement indicates that Homo erectus had controlled fire by between five hundred and four hundred Ka.hearth, burning with wood and charcoal, allowed early humans to cook their food to extend its edibility, rising its nutrient price and broadening the amount of foods that might be consumed.

Clothing and shelter

Other technological advances created throughout the Paleolithic era were covering and shelter; the adoption of each technologies can not be dated specifically, however they were a key to humanity's progress. because the Paleolithic era progressed, dwellings became additional refined and additional elaborate; as early as 380 Ka, humans were constructing temporary wood huts.covering, tailored from the fur and hides of afraid animals, helped humanity expand into colder regions; humans began to migrate out of Africa by two hundred Ka and into alternative continents like Eurasia.

Neolithic through classical antiquity (10 Ka – three hundred CE)

Human's technological ascent began in earnest in what's called the Neolithic amount ("New Stone Age"). The invention of polished stone axes was a serious advance that allowed forest clearance on an oversized scale to make farms. This use of polished stone axes exaggerated greatly within the Neolithic, however were originally employed in the preceding Mesolithic in some areas like eire. Agriculture fed larger populations, and also the transition to sedentism allowed at the same time raising additional youngsters, as infants now not required to be carried, as roving ones should. to boot, youngsters might contribute labor to the raising of crops additional without delay than they may to the savage economy.

With this increase in population and handiness of labor came a rise parturient specialization.What triggered the progression from early Neolithic villages to the primary cities, like Uruk, and also the 1st civilizations, like geographical region, isn't specifically known; but, the emergence of more and more ranked social structures and specialised labor, of trade and war amongst adjacent cultures, and also the want for collective action to beat environmental challenges like irrigation, ar all thought to own vie a task.

Metal tools

Continuing enhancements diode to the chamber and bellows and provided, for the primary time, the flexibility to smelt and forge gold, copper, silver, and lead  – native metals found in comparatively pure type in nature. the benefits of copper tools over stone, bone, and wood tools were quickly apparent to early humans, and native copper was most likely used from close to the start of Neolithic times (about ten ka).Native copper doesn't naturally occur in giant amounts, however copper ores ar quite common and a few of them turn out metal simply once burned in wood or charcoal fires. Eventually, the operating of metals diode to the invention of alloys like bronze and brass (about 4000 BCE). the primary uses of iron alloys like steel dates to around 1800 BCE.

Energy and transport

Meanwhile, humans were learning to harness alternative styles of energy. The earliest famed use of wind generation is that the sailing ship; the earliest record of a ship underneath sail is that of a Nile River boat geological dating to the 8th-millennium BCE. From prehistoric times, Egyptians most likely used the ability of the annual flooding of the Nile River to irrigate their lands, bit by bit learning to control a lot of of it through by design designed irrigation channels and "catch" basins. the traditional Sumerians in geographical region used a fancy system of canals and levees to divert water from the Tigris River and Euphrates rivers for irrigation.

According to archaeologists, the wheel was unreal around 4000 BCE most likely severally and nearly at the same time in geographical region (in current Iraq), the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe.Estimates on once this might have occurred vary from 5500 to 3000 BCE with most specialists swing it nearer to 4000 BCE.The oldest artifacts with drawings portrayal wheeled carts go back regarding 3500 BCE;[46] but, the wheel could are in use for millennia before these drawings were created. additional recently, the oldest-known wood wheel within the world was found within the Ljubljana marshes of European nation.

The invention of the wheel revolutionized trade and war. It failed to take long to get that wheeled wagons might be accustomed carry serious hundreds. the traditional Sumerians used the wheel and should have fictitious it.A stone pottery wheel found within the city-state of urban center dates to around 3429 BCE,and even older fragments of wheel-thrown pottery are found within the same space.[49] quick (rotary) potters' wheels enabled early production of pottery, however it absolutely was the utilization of the wheel as a electrical device of energy (through water wheels, windmills, and even treadmills) that revolutionized the appliance of inhuman power sources. initial|the primary} machine carts were derived from travois and were first utilized in geographical area and Asian nation in around 3000 BCE.

The oldest acknowledged created roadways square measure the stone-paved streets of the city-state of urban center, geological dating to circa 4000 BCE[51] and timber roads leading through the swamps of Glastonbury, England, geological dating to round the same period. the primary long-distance road, that came into use around 3500 BCE,spanned one,500 miles from the gulf to the Mediterranean,however wasn't paved  and was solely part maintained. In around 2000 BCE, the Minoans on the Greek island of Crete engineered a fifty-kilometer (thirty-mile) road leading from the palace of Gortyn on the side of the island, through the mountains, to the palace of town on the side of the island.not like the sooner road, the Minoan road was utterly paved .

Plumbing

Ancient Minoan non-public homes had running water. a tub just about the image of fashionable ones was unearthed at the Palace of town.many Minoan non-public homes conjointly had bogs, that might be flushed by gushing water down the drain. the traditional Romans had several public flush bogs,that empty into an in depth sewer system. the first sewer in Rome was the sewerage Maxima; construction began thereon within the sixth century BCE and it's still in use nowadays.

The ancient Romans conjointly had a fancy system of aqueducts,that were accustomed transport water across long distances.the primary Roman conduit was in-built 312 BCE.The eleventh and final ancient Roman conduit was in-built 226 cerium. place along, the Roman aqueducts extended over 450 kilometers,however but seventy kilometers of this was on top of ground and supported by arches.

Medieval and fashionable history (300 cerium – present)

Innovations continued  through the center Ages with innovations like silk-manufacture (introduced into Europe once centuries of development in Asia), the horse collar and horseshoes within the initial few hundred years once the 5th-century fall of the empire. Medieval technology saw the utilization of easy machines (such because the lever, the screw, and therefore the pulley) being combined to create a lot of difficult tools, like the lawn cart, windmills and clocks, and a system of universities developed and unfold scientific ideas and practices. The Renaissance era created many inventions, as well as the press (which expedited the communication of knowledge), and technology became progressively related to science, starting a cycle of mutual advancement. Advances in technology during this era allowed a a lot of reliable offer l food, followed by the broader handiness of goods..

Starting within the uk within the eighteenth century, the economic Revolution was a amount of nice technological discovery, notably within the areas of agriculture, producing, mining, metallurgy, and transport, driven by the invention of steam power and therefore the widespread application of the mill system. Technology took another step in an exceedingly second technological revolution (c.  1870 to c.  1914) with the harnessing of electricity to permit such innovations because the motor, light bulb, and unnumbered others. Scientific advances and therefore the discovery of latest ideas later allowed for power-driven flight and developments in medication, chemistry, physics, and engineering. the increase in technology has diode to skyscrapers and broad urban areas whose inhabitants have faith in motors to move them and their food provides. Communication improved with the invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio and tv. The late-19th and early-20th centuries saw a revolution in transportation with the invention of the heavier-than-air craft and automobile.

The twentieth century brought a number of innovations. In physics, the invention of nuclear reaction has diode to each nuclear weapons and nuclear energy. Computers were fictitious and later miniaturized victimisation transistors and integrated circuits. info technology afterward diode to the birth within the Nineteen Eighties of the net, that ushered within the current modern era. Humans began to explore house with satellites (late Fifties, later used for telecommunication) and in manned missions (1960s) going all the thanks to the moon. In medication, this era brought innovations like heart surgery and later stem-cell medical aid at the side of new medications and coverings.

Complex producing and construction techniques and organizations square measure required to create and maintain a number of the newer technologies, and whole industries have arisen to support and develop succeeding generations of {increasingly|progressively|more and a lot of} more complicated tools. fashionable technology progressively depends on coaching and education – their designers, builders, maintainers, and users usually need refined general and specific coaching. Moreover, these technologies became therefore complicated that entire fields have developed to support them, as well as engineering, medicine, and laptop science; and alternative fields became a lot of complicated, like construction, transportation, and design.

Philosophy

Technicism

Generally, technicism is that the belief within the utility of technology for up human societies.Taken to AN extreme, technicism "reflects a basic angle that seeks to manage reality, to resolve all issues with the employment of scientific–technological strategies and tools." In alternative words, kinsmen can sometime be ready to master all issues and probably even management the long run victimisation technology. Some, like Sir Leslie Stephen V. Monsma,connect these ideas to the abdication of faith as the next ethical authority.

Optimism

Optimistic assumptions square measure created by proponents of ideologies like transhumanism and singularitarianism, that read technological development as usually having helpful effects for the society and therefore the human condition. In these ideologies, technological development is virtuously sensible.

Transhumanists usually believe that the purpose of technology is to beat barriers, which what we have a tendency to normally talk over with because the human condition is simply another barrier to be surpassed.

Singularitarians believe some form of "accelerating change"; that the speed of technological progress accelerates as we have a tendency to get additional technology, which this can culminate during a "Singularity" once artificial general intelligence is fictitious during which progress is sort of infinite; thence the term. Estimates for the date of this Singularity vary,however outstanding futurist Ray Kurzweil estimates the Singularity can occur in 2045.

Kurzweil is additionally famed for his history of the universe in six epochs:

 (1) the physical/chemical epoch,

 (2) the life epoch,

 (3) the human/brain epoch,

 (4) the technology epoch, 

 (5) the synthetic intelligence epoch, and 

(6) the universal formation epoch. 

Going from one epoch to subsequent could be a Singularity in its title, and a amount of dashing up precedes it. every epoch takes a shorter time, which suggests the entire history of the universe is one big Singularity event.

Some critics see these ideologies as samples of scientism and techno-utopianism and concern the notion of human sweetening and technological singularity that they support. Some have delineate subverter as a techno-optimist.

Skepticism and critics

On the somewhat skeptical facet square measure bound philosophers like philosopher and John Zerzan, UN agency believe that technological societies square measure inherently blemished. They recommend that the inevitable results of such a society is to become evermore technological at the value of freedom and psychological health.

Many, like the Luddites and outstanding thinker philosopher, hold serious, though not entirely, settled reservations regarding technology (see "The Question regarding Technology"). per Heidegger students Hubert Dreyfus and Charles Spinosa, "Heidegger doesn't oppose technology. He hopes to reveal the essence of technology during a approach that 'in no approach reach U.S. to a stultified compulsion to go on blindly with technology or, what involves a similar factor, to rebel unable to help against it.' Indeed, he guarantees that 'when we have a tendency to once open ourselves expressly to the essence of technology, we discover ourselves unexpectedly taken into a releasing claim.'What this entails could be a additional complicated relationship to technology than either techno-optimists or techno-pessimists tend to permit."

Some of the foremost poignant criticisms of technology square measure found in what square measure currently thought-about to be dystopian literary classics like Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, Anthony Burgess's A mechanism Orange, and George Orwell's Nineteen cardinal. In Goethe's fictitious character, fictitious character commercialism his soul to the devil reciprocally for power over the physical world is additionally usually taken as a trope for the adoption of commercial technology. additional recently, trendy works of fantasy like those by Philip K. Dick and William Gibson and films like Blade Runner and Ghost within the Shell project extremely ambivalent or cautionary attitudes toward technology's impact on human society and identity.

The late cultural critic Neil carrier distinguished tool-using societies from technological societies and from what he referred to as "technopolies," societies that square measure dominated by the ideology of technological and scientific reach the exclusion or hurt of alternative cultural practices, values, and world-views.

Darin Barney has written regarding technology's impact on practices of citizenship and democratic culture, suggesting that technology will be construed as 

(1) AN object of political dialogue,

(2) a method or medium of debate, and 

(3) a setting for democratic deliberation and citizenship. 

As a setting for democratic culture, Barney suggests that technology tends to create moral queries, together with the question of what a decent life consists in, nearly not possible as a result of they already offer a solution to the question: a decent life is one that has the employment of additional and additional technology.

Nikolas Kompridis has additionally written regarding the hazards of latest technology, like recombinant DNA technology, engineering, artificial biology, and AI. He warns that these technologies introduce new new challenges to kinsmen, together with the chance of the permanent alteration of our biological nature. These issues square measure shared by alternative philosophers, scientists and public intellectuals UN agency have written regarding similar problems (e.g. Francis Fukuyama, Jürgen Habermas, William Joy, and archangel Sandel).

Another outstanding critic of technology is Hubert Dreyfus, UN agency has revealed books like On the net and What Computers Still cannot Do.

A additional disreputable anti-technological written material is Industrial Society and Its Future, written by the Unabomber plug-ugly Kaczynski and written in many major newspapers (and later books) as a part of an attempt to finish his bombing campaign of the techno-industrial infrastructure. There also are subcultures that disapprove of some or most technology, like self-identified off-gridders.

Appropriate technology

The notion of applicable technology was developed within the twentieth century by thinkers like E.F. Schumacher and Jacques Jewish calendar month to explain things wherever it had been not fascinating to use terribly new technologies or people who needed access to some centralized infrastructure or components or skills foreign from elsewhere. The ecovillage movement emerged partly because of this concern.

Optimism and skepticism within the twenty first century

This section chiefly focuses on yank considerations although it will fairly be generalized to different Western countries.

The inadequate amount and quality of yank jobs is one among the foremost elementary economic challenges we tend to face.  what is the linkage between technology and this elementary problem?

— Bernstein, Jared, "It’s Not a Skills Gap That’s Holding Wages Down: It’s the Weak Economy, Among different Things," within the yank Prospect, Gregorian calendar month 2014

In his article, Jared Leonard Bernstein, a Senior Fellow at the middle on Budget and Policy Priorities,[68] queries the widespread concept that automation, and additional loosely, technological advances, have chiefly contributed to the present growing market drawback. His thesis seems to be a 3rd means between optimism and skepticism. basically, he stands for a neutral approach of the linkage between technology and yank problems regarding state and declining wages.

He uses 2 main arguments to defend his purpose. First, attributable to recent technological advances, associate degree increasing variety of staff ar losing their jobs. Yet, scientific proof fails to obviously demonstrate that technology has displaced such a lot of staff that it's created additional issues than it's resolved. Indeed, automation threatens repetitive jobs however higher-end jobs ar still necessary as a result of they complement technology and manual jobs that "requires flexibility judgment and customary sense"stay laborious to interchange with machines. Second, studies haven't shown clear links between recent technology advances and also the wage trends of the last decades.

Therefore, in step with Leonard Bernstein, rather than specializing in technology and its theoretic influences on current yank increasing state and declining wages, one has to worry additional concerning "bad policy that fails to offset the imbalances in demand, trade, income, and chance."

For those who use each the web and mobile devices in excessive quantities it's seemingly for them to expertise fatigue and over exhaustion as a results of disruptions in their sleeping patterns. Continuous studies have shown that inflated BMI and weight gain ar related to those who pay long hours on-line and not physical exercise often.serious web use is additionally displayed within the faculty lower grades of these United Nations agency use it in excessive amounts. it's conjointly been noted that the employment of mobile phones while driving has inflated the incidence of road accidents — notably amongst adolescent drivers. Statistically, teens reportedly have fourfold the quantity of road traffic incidents as people who ar twenty years or older, and a awfully high share of adolescents write (81%) and skim (92%) texts whereas driving.during this context, mass media and technology have a negative impact on individuals, on each their mental and physical health.

Complex technological systems

Thomas P. Hughes declared that as a result of technology has been thought-about as a key thanks to solve issues, we want to remember of its advanced and varied characters to use it additional with efficiency.what's the distinction between a wheel or a compass associate degreed cookery machines like an kitchen appliance or a gas stove? will we tend to take into account all of them, solely a district of them, or none of them as technologies?

Technology is usually thought-about too narrowly; in step with Hughes, "Technology may be a inventive method involving human ingenuity".This definition's stress on power avoids boundless definitions which will erroneously embody cookery "technologies," however it conjointly highlights the outstanding role of humans and thus their responsibilities for the employment of advanced technological systems.

Yet, as a result of technology is all over and has dramatically modified landscapes and societies, Hughes argues that engineers, scientists, and managers have typically believed that they'll use technology to form the planet as they need. they need typically supposed that technology is well manageable and this assumption should be completely questioned.for example, Evgeny Morozov notably challenges 2 concepts: "Internet-centrism" and "solutionism."Internet-centrism refers to the concept that our society is convinced that the web is one among the foremost stable and coherent forces. Solutionism is that the ideology that each social issue will be resolved because of technology and particularly because of the web. In fact, technology in and of itself contains uncertainties and limitations. in step with Alexis Madrigal's review of Morozov's theory, to ignore it'll cause "unexpected consequences that would eventually cause additional injury than the issues they ask for to handle." Benjamin R. Cohen and Gwen Ottinger conjointly mentioned the multivalent effects of technology.

Therefore, recognition of the constraints of technology, and additional loosely, knowledge base, is required – particularly in cases managing environmental justice and health problems. Ottinger continues this reasoning and argues that the continued recognition of the constraints of knowledge base goes hand in hand with scientists and engineers’ new comprehension of their role. Such associate degree approach of technology and science "[require] technical professionals to create by mental act their roles within the method otherwise. [They need to take into account themselves as] collaborators in analysis and drawback resolution instead of merely suppliers of data and technical solutions."

Other animal species

This adult Gorilla gorilla uses a branch as a walking keep on with gauge the water's depth, AN example of technology usage by non-human primates.

The use of basic technology is additionally a feature of different animal species with the exception of humans. These embody primates like chimpanzees,some dolphin communities,and crows. Considering a additional generic perspective of technology as zoology of active environmental acquisition and management, we will additionally consult with animal examples like beavers and their dams, or bees and their honeycombs.

The ability to form and use tools was once thought-about a shaping characteristic of the mammal genus.but, the invention of tool construction among chimpanzees and connected primates has discarded the notion of the utilization of technology as distinctive to humans. for instance, researchers have determined wild chimpanzees victimization tools for foraging: a number of the tools used embody leaf sponges, insect fishing probes, pestles and levers.West African chimpanzees additionally use stone hammers and anvils for cracking haywire,as do capuchin monkeys of Boa panorama, Brazil.

Future technology

Theories of technology usually decide to predict the long run of technology supported the engineering and science of the time. like all predictions of the long run, however, technology is unsure.

In 2005, futurist Ray Kurzweil foretold that the long run of technology would principally comprises AN overlapping "GNR Revolution" of biological science, engineering science and AI, with AI being the foremost vital of the 3.